Development-induced displacement of informal settlements in Makkah, Saudi Arabia

Abstract

Development of urban infrastructure and amenities has been the major driver of development-induced displacement of settlements particularly in developing nations. The holy city of Makkah, Saudi Arabia, is undergoing massive urban redevelopment and is displacing residents of informal settlements. This development has affected the displaced residents of informal settlements by creating economic, social and environmental problems. Therefore, this study is aimed at assessing the impact of development-induced displacement of informal settlement in Makkah and proposing a model for development-induced displacement and self-resettlement (DID-SR). Accordingly, this study employs a mixed-method research approach of qualitative and quantitative research design. The data was obtained from 30 interviews with selected stakeholders and 415 online questionnaire survey that were administered to displaced households. The data were analysed using descriptive analysis, inferential analysis, and structural equation modelling (SEM). The result shows that house unit size and condition, social relationship, neighbourhood services and facilities, environment safety and economic well-being factors have positive effects on households‘ satisfaction. Using those factors, the DID-SR satisfaction model was developed that can predict household‘s satisfaction after displacement. The research implies that in order to improve the living condition and satisfaction level of the displaced people, policy makers should provide a resettlement programme that take in consideration the components of DID-SR model. The idea of giving the affected persons financial compensation to purchase property in other parts of the city as revealed in the study has not been successful. These outcomes become pertinent not only in advancing knowledge but also in terms of informing policy decisions targeting solving difficulties faced by the displaced people.