Kandungan tenaga dan emissi karbon dalam bahan binaan rumah kediaman di Sumatera Barat, Indonesia

Abstract

Indonesia is ranked the sixth largest producer of greenhouse gas emissions and is committed to reduce carbon emissions by 29% in the year 2030. Its construction industry has been identified as one of the major factor of global warming and climate change resulting from the carbon emissions in manufacturing building products, transportation and construction installations, which is known as embodied energy in building materials. The aim of this research is to identify the embodied energy and embodied carbon of main building materials used in housing projects in Padang City, West Sumatera Province, Indonesia. A two-storey bungalow building which was being constructed was chosen as the pilot study to investigate embodied energy of construction materials. The embodied energy was investigated by examining the manufacturing process of construction material and its transportation distance to the site. The research was then expanded for five buildings of similar type of which the embodied energy of construction materials was identified and analysed. The subsequent calculation and analysis shows that the embodied energy in construction materials is 2.662 GJ/m2 and the embodied carbon of CO2 is 0.502 tCO2/m2 of floor area. The findings are lower than on terraced housing in Malaysia, which was at 4.46 GJ/m2. Steel was identified possessing the highest embodied energy of 1.052 GJ/m2 of floor area with carbon emission of 0.192 tCO2/m2, while plywood possesses the lowest embodied energy of 0.043 GJ/m2 of floor area with embodied carbon of 0.002 tCO2/m2. The significance of the research is in identifying the proportion of embodied energy in main building materials used in Padang City, West Sumatera Province. This can be a guideline for the architects and contractors in making choices of construction materials with low embodied energy in order to support the effort made by government of the Republic of Indonesia to lower CO2 emission, which was proven to be the main factor to global warming and climate change.