Perkembangan gaya rupa mukaan senibina Masjid Bandar dan Masjid Jajahan di Kelantan Darul Naim

Abstract

The mosque architecture in Malaysia has been through two phases of construction starting from pre independence until post independence. Masjid Kampung Laut, one of the earliest mosques and the oldest mosque in Malaysia, is located in Kelantan. This pre-independence mosque was built around 16th century and is categorized as a traditional mosque. However, the development of mosques in Kelantan is unrecorded due to the lack of studies on mosques in this region. Therefore, the aim of the study is to identify the development of mosques in Kelantan according to the building style. There are four objectives of this research which are to classify the mosque architectural style in Kelantan based on construction period; to study the composition of façade element; to identify the components of façade and to discover the transformation of the façade starting from early construction until today. The qualitative research methodology was used in this study based on historical study and case study of 15 mosques in Kelantan. The data collection of 15 Masjid Bandar and Masjid Jajahan consists of document, observation, photography images and interviewing. The research analysis comprises of mosque style classification, composition of element, components of façade and transformation of mosque façade. According to the findings, there are four types of development on building styles through construction period which consists of Traditional Mosques (1850-1890s), Colonial Mosques (1900-1940s), Modern Mosques (1950-1970s) and Post Modern Mosques (1980-2000s). Each of mosque composition has been transformed in term of symmetry, hierarchy, repetition and rhythm. While the elements on horizontal zone, spaces in vertical zone and the renovation of mosque façade also changed. The factors which influenced the transformation of mosque facade styles are the mosque construction period; architecture approach, development of technology and materials; the increasing of congregation capacity and the design being supervised by the organization and particular individual. The time lines of mosque architecture development probability will be a part of reference in the future research. Apart from that, this study will guide the architect in mosque design starting from preliminary design, construction and until the renovation process complete.