Novel designing framework of stand-alone and grid-connected hybrid photovoltaic/wind/battery renewable energy system considering reliability, cost and emission indices

Abstract

This paper novel multi-criteria designing framework of a grid-connected hybrid photovoltaic (PV)/wind turbine (WT) sustainable and clean energy system with battery (BA) storage (HPV/WT/BA) considering cost, reliability and emission costs are presented dependent on actual irradiance and wind speed patterns to include an annual load. The designing objective is optimal sizing of the HPV/WT/BA system to minimize the total net present cost (TNPC) as well as the loss of load and CO2 emission cost with satisfying reliability constraint as energy not supplied probability (ENSP) considering stand-alone and grid-connected modes. The results showed that purchasing the power from network reduced the TNPC and also improved the hybrid system reliability and the reliability constraint is in the allowable range. The results also showed the superiority of the moth flame optimizer than the well-known particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm in achieving to lower TNPC and better reliability.