Investigation of carbon footprint emission for highway bridge construction in Malaysia

Abstract

Diabetes is a frequently occurring disease all over the world. However, in Iraq, the prevalence of type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is particularly due to many different factors, one of which is genetics. Thus, the recognition of genetic conditions and associated contributing factors pertaining to the onset of diabetes are essential to resolve the issues related to this disease. The current study was performed in order to evaluate the possible link between polymorphisms in the leptin (LEP) gene and T2DM in individuals from Iraq. Serum specimens were acquired from 220 participants, 100 of which were used as control subjects with no ailments, while the remaining 120 subjects had T2DM. Gene analyses were conducted on extracted genomic DNA. A range of biochemical investigations were carried out including fasting blood glucose (FBG), haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), insulin, thyroid stimulating hormones (T3 and T4), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), high-density lipoproteins (HDL), total cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), vitamins C and K, chromium, selenium and cobalt. Three dedicated Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) primers were designed to identify three prevalent single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within LEP, i.e. rs11761556, rs12706832 and rs2167270. Genotyping of the amplified loci was performed using polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP). Sanger sequencing was then carried out to identify representative genotypes. The relationship between targeted genetic variants and T2DM was established using logistic regression analysis. All three targeted SNPs demonstrated banding patterns following PCR-SSCP genotyping. Compared to the remaining genotypes, subjects with the AA genotype for the SNPs, rs11761556 and rs12706832, exhibited elevated parameters of body mass index, waist circumference, FBG, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, insulin, LDL and TG (p < 0.05). Association analysis determined that subjects with the A allele displayed a higher likelihood of developing T2DM. The results of this study suggest that the SNPs, rs11761556 and rs12706832, have a significant link to T2DM. The current study has verified the existence of an association between LEP gene polymorphism and T2DM, which could act as a potential marker for the appraisal of a number of variables linked with T2DM in the Iraqi community. Furthermore, the link between the LEP gene and traits of T2DM suggest that this could be a potential marker for T2DM in the Iraqi population.