The development of Malaysia’s three-dimensional marine cadastre data model based on land administration domain model

Abstract

Marine space and properties are contributors to the economy in many countries. Multiple usages of coastal and maritime areas often lead to conflict in overlapping Rights, Restrictions, and Responsibilities (RRRs) in the water surface, water column, and seabed as well as technical, legal, and stakeholder management issues. Marine spaces and properties in Malaysia are controlled by multiple jurisdictions, which has caused conflicts and overlapping ownership over the properties involved. A lease or license, known as a Temporary Occupation License (TOL), is normally applied to give a temporary right to occupy the marine properties. Since some of the land concepts can be adopted and applicable to the marine environment, this research proposed a 3D marine cadastre data model based on land standards, Land Administration Domain Model (LADM), and Malaysia as a case study. This research attempted to develop a data model by investigating the elements needed in Malaysia's marine environment and 3D cadastre practices. Unified Modelling Language (UML) application was used to develop the conceptual and the technical model. The data model was developed by considering Malaysia's marine concept to suit the international standard of LADM. The developed marine cadastre data model consists of three packages: party, administrative, and spatial unit package. This 3D marine cadastre data model illustrates the components of marine resources within the coastal zone, the integration of data between legal spaces and spatial unit features through external classes. The model was validated by running a prototype. The experiment on the data model also included database implementation and simple queries. A 3D visualization was generated to represent the stored datasets. The structure of the marine cadastral data model, which complies with international standards, LADM, provides a common language, data interoperability, and procedural simplification for all parties involved. Relevant parties could utilize the described approach as a reference in modelling and managing a variety of RRRs of marine spaces and properties.