Cellulose nanofibril-based aerogel derived from sago pith waste and its application on methylene blue removal

Abstract

Sago pith cellulose nanofibril (SPCNF) aerogel derived from sago pith waste (SPW) was successfully produced through three consecutive steps, namely dewaxing and delignification, ultra-sonication and homogenization and freeze drying. The aerogel was characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier-transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Results of the analyses collectively showed that lignin & hemicellulose were absent in the SPCNF aerogel product which has a high crystallinity index of 88%. The diameters of individual nanofibril constituents of the SPCNF were between 15 and 30 nm and aspect ratios >1000 were observed. The SPCNF aerogel, with a density measured at 2.1 mg/cm3, was efficient in methylene blue (MB) removal with a maximum MB adsorption of 222.2 mg/g at 20 °C. The adsorption of MB onto the SPCNF aerogel was rapid and found to follow a pseudo-second-order kinetic model with the adsorption isotherm being in congruence with the Langmuir model. The SPCNF aerogel exhibited outstanding MB removal efficacies with 5 mg and 20 mg of SPCNF capable of removing over 90% and almost 99% MB, respectively. The optimized pH value and temperature for MB adsorption were determined as pH 7 and 20 °C.