A mini review on sporopollenin-based materials for removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solution

Abstract

The use of sporopollenin-based materials as adsorbents in addressing environmental problems such as in removal of heavy metals from aqueous environment has received limited attention despite its remarkable physical and chemical properties that guaranteed its great potential for this application. This mini-review provides up-to-date information on the research and development of sporopollenin-based materials for the treatment of toxic heavy metals contaminated aqueous environments. Conventional techniques for heavy metals removal from aqueous environment are discussed; limitations and advantages of these techniques are highlighted. Sporopollenin-based materials were found to be good adsorbents in control and remediation of heavy metal ions in wastewater, but considering its characteristics, the full potentials of sporopollenin for this application is yet to be fully harnessed.