Public participation efficiency in planning for urban development in Bida, Nigeria

Abstract

Public participation is a process to incorporate citizens in decision making process in planning for human environment. However, the process is confronted by a series of challenges particularly in developing countries. Despite the desirability and increasing interest in public participation programme, there has been a lack of motivation and participation by the citizens due to weakness of the factors determining public participation efficiency. These factors, namely information exchange, citizen involvement, and public engagement are the mechanisms for raising public awareness, public understanding and interest to promote effective participation in the programme. This study investigated an effective process for public participation in Bida, Nigeria. Explanatory research design based on quantitative method of data collection was adopted. 344 respondents were selected using random sampling to participate in the survey questionnaire. Respondents were categorized into four groups comprising planning officers, traditional leaders, youth leaders, and household heads. Factor analysis was employed to determine principal factors of public participation efficiency, while regression analysis was carried out to assess the level of public participation and examine factors hindering citizens from participating in the planning process. Findings confirmed that ineffective communication and inadequate participation are critical issues in public participation programme. Ineffective communication results in insignificant public awareness and understanding to support effective participation. Furthermore, the study revealed that lack of effective empowerment and problem of public orientation are identified as the contextual impediments affecting the programme. Tokenism has been identified as the level of empowerment which is insufficient to support effective public participation. In addition, ethnic diversity and public trust on government have been also identified as strong barriers affecting government-based programmes. Based on the findings, a framework consisting of mechanisms for improved communication, adequate participation at all stages, effective empowerment, and alleviation of the impact of impeding factors to achieve effective public participation is recommended. The recommendations will guide potential practitioners, lawmakers and academicians to develop a good structure in organizing effective public participation programmes in developing countries.