Improvement of anti-inflammation of swietenia macrophylla self nanoemulsion

Abstract

Nowadays there is an intensely usage of natural bioactive materials as medicinal agent in pharmaceutical industries. Swietenia macrophylla (SM) has been reported to have biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagencity, anti-fungal and anti-tumor activities. Therefore, SM oil was used in the formulation of oral nanoemulsion as self-nanoemulsifying system and topical nanoemulsion as nanoemulgel. In this study, self-nanoemulsifying formulations were prepared for both SM and olive oils using different surfactants/co-surfactants nonionic surfactants (Labrasol, Tween 20, Capmul and Labrafil). For topical preparation, nanoemulgels of SM and olive oils were prepared, first by mixing the oil, glycerol with sucrose ester (Laureate, Oleate and Palmitate) to produce pre-nanoemulsion by heat inversion technique. Then nanoemulsion was formed upon the mixing with water by selfemulsification technique. After that Carbopol (934 and 940) was added to nanoemulsion to produce the nanoemulgel. Finally safety and pharmacology studies were conducted for the prepared formulations. The acute and sub-acute toxicity studies were conducted for SM oil self-nanoemulsifying system on rats. The biochemical parameters were evaluated by studying serum alanine transferase (ALT), aspartate transferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The histopathology of the rats liver sections were studied under light microscope after staining with haematoxylin and eosin. On the other hand, the anti-inflammatory property for SM oil was screened using carrageenan induced rat paw edema method for SM oil for both oral (self-nanoemulsifying system) and topical (nanoemulgel) preparations. The optimal self-nanoemulsifying formulations were prepared using Tween20/Labrafil (2:1) and Capmul/Labrasol (1:2), producing small droplets size of <150 nm, low polydispersity index below 0.3 and relatively good stability with zeta potential lower than -30. It was found that 50% oil with sucrose laureate (20%) and glycerol (30%) was able to produce a very stable nanoemulsion when stored at 4 °C with droplets size less than 150 nm, with low size distribution below 0.2 and low zeta potential -40. The optimal nanoemulsion formulation was mixed with water and different grades of Carbopol (934 and 940) to produce nanoemulgel. It was found that 0.5% Carbopol 940 produces a stable nanoemulgel and it showed high stability when stored at different temperatures 4 °C, 25 °C and 40 °C for one year with no significant influence on the oil droplets size, size distribution and zeta potential. In addition, the anti-inflammatory properties of Swietenia macrophylla oil were greater in the form of self-nanoemulsifying system and nanoemulgel than in the oil solution. Swietenia macrophylla oil in the form of self-nanoemulsifying system possesses no toxicity effect on rats after acute and sub-acute studies. In conclusion, Swietenia macrophylla oil showed a safety profile with improvement in the anti-inflammatory activity with the help of nanoemulsion.