Preparation and characterization of oil palm fiber reinforced poly(e-caprolactone)/poly(lactic acid) composites

Abstract

Palm press fibers of Tenera and Dura palm oil species of Malaysia and Nigeria respectively were used to prepare poly(e-caprolactone)/poly(lactic acid) blend composites. All the blends and composites were produced using the twin screw extruder and the test specimens were fabricated using the injection molding machine. The morphology, mechanical, thermal, water absorption and biodegradation properties of the composites were studied. Fourier Transforms Infrared (FTIR) revealed that the hemicelluloses were completely removed after alkali fiber treatment. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) showed the improvement of fiber/matrix adhesion and the confirmation of compatibilization in the blend and composites. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) confirmed the increase in crystallinity of the fibers after alkali treatment. Compatibilization and fiber reinforcement significantly enhanced the mechanical and thermal properties, biodegradation and char yield of the composites. The Tenera composites exhibited higher mechanical properties than the Dura composites, while the Dura composites were thermally more stable than the Tenera composites. The Dura fibers also increased the percentage crystallinity of the composites more than the Tenera fibers. Compatibilization and fiber reinforcement increased the rate of biodegradation of the blend and composites. There was no significant difference in the biodegradation rate between the Tenera and Dura composites. The optimum properties were obtained for Tenera and Dura composites at 15 wt. % fiber loading. In view of the above, the composite was adjudged as the best formulation for both fiber reinforcements.