The role of unconscious information processing in the acquisition and learning of instructional messages

Abstract

This review investigates how the unconscious information processing can create satis-factory learning outcomes, and can be used to ameliorate the challenges of teaching students to regulate their learning processes. The search for the ideal model of human information processing as regards achievement of teaching and learning objectives is a recurring issue in educational studies. Although conscious processes are more conducive to the objectives than unconscious processes, they do not necessarily result in satisfactory learning of instructional messages. Studies reviewed here show that the unconscious can play a facilitatory role in the encoding, storage, retrieval processes of information and learning activities, even when the conscious fails to achieve this. To take advantages of both conscious and unconscious processes, relevant literature suggests educators utilizing visual teaching aids that optimize use of working memory capacity and allow students to form mental imageries, thereby facilitating the comprehension of instructional messages.