Simultaneous phosphate recovery and sodium removal from brackish aquaculture effluent via diafiltration-nanofiltration process

Abstract

Expansion of the aquaculture industry has been accompanied by environmental impact as the discharged effluent contains excess nutrients such as phosphorus compounds. Recovery of such nutrients is not economically feasible as it presents in trace amounts. Furthermore, brackish aquaculture effluent which contains high sodium chloride (NaCl) content makes the treated solution inappropriate for fertilizer production. Herein, this study proposed a diafiltration-nanofiltration route to perform a simultaneous phosphate concentrating and osmotion (sodium) removal from brackish aquaculture effluent. Effects of operating pressure, phosphate, and sodium content on membrane performance were first determined using Desal-5 DK membrane with three types of solutions namely (i) freshwater without NaCl, (ii) dilute brackish water with 1,500 mg/L NaCl, and (iii) brackish water with 10,000 mg/L NaCl. It was found that at 4 bar operating pressure, it could achieve higher phosphate rejection and sodium permeance. The presence of NaCl negatively influenced both phosphate rejection and concentrating factor (CF) due to the salt screening effect. It was noteworthy that negative sodium rejection (up to -16%, CF <1) could be attained, indicating the concentrating effect for sodium was negligible. The concentrating process was effective to concentrate phosphate by 2-fold but less effective in removing sodium. Diafiltration was then introduced and resulted in about 76% of sodium removal. Diafiltration-nanofiltration (DF-NF) mode was shown to be a more efficient method than nanofiltration-diafiltration (NF-DF) mode as phosphate could be concentrated up to 2 factors with 99 wt% of sodium being removed from the real brackish aquaculture effluent. These findings showed that DF-NF is a feasible approach for concentrating phosphate while removing sodium ions from aquaculture effluent and the recovered nutrient solution has huge potential to be applied as liquid fertilizer for hydroponic plants.