Internet plagiarism and factors contributing to plagiarism among accounting student in Azman Hashim International Business School

Abstract

The focus on Low Salinity Enhanced Oil Recovery (LS EOR) has increased in both laboratory studies and field tests in the last decades. Despite various mechanisms have been suggested to explain how the process works, so far there is no unanimity of view. Using different materials, variations in test procedures and complexity of crude oil/brine/rock (COBR) interaction may contribute to confusion about Low Salinity Effect (LSE). However, finding a consistent mechanistic explanation could help us to predict the reservoirs where the method would have the best chance of working. Due to this significance, the main objective of this study is defined to examine the potential and efficiency of LS EOR from an unconsolidated sandstone. Similarly, this research targets to help in understanding the dominant mechanisms that help in improving oil recovery by LSW. In this study, the natural oil was used to provide more realistic fluid/fluid and fluid/rock interactions. In addition, the high salinity brine (9% NaCl+ 1%CaCl2, 100000ppm) was used to establish the initial water saturation and displacing oil through secondary oil recovery. Moreover, the tertiary recovery process was involved injecting brine with a low salinity (0.1% NaCl, 1000ppm). All the experiments were performed at 40°C and the flow rate of 0.22 ml/min followed by a period of high flow rate (1ml/min) of low salinity brine injection. The samples of the effluent were taken, and produced oil volume, pH, conductivity and density were measured. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed the presence of illites on the grain surface of the rock as the main clay materials. From this research a good potential of enhanced oil recovery and the ultimate oil recovery of ~ 4% of OOIP was observed by LSW. Beside this, the results show that low salinity brine injection has two contributing mechanisms for enhanced oil recovery. pH effect and fine migration are the mechanisms that are involved; Both mechanisms are related to alteration of wettability toward more water-wet condition and increasing the oil recovery.